一个简单的卷积神经网络——layers.py

# coding： utf-8 import numpy as np from functions import * from util import im2col, col2im # ------------------------------激活函数relu层------------------------------------------------- class Relu: def __init__(self): self.mask = None def forward(self, x): self.mask = (x <= 0) out = x.copy() out[self.mask] = 0 return out def backward(self, dout): dout[self.mask] = 0 dx = dout return dx # --------------------------------sigmoid激活函数层--------------------------------------------- class Sigmoid: def __init__(self): self.out = None def forward(self, x): out = sigmoid(x) self.out = out return out def backward(self, dout): dx = dout * (1.0 - self.out) * self.out return dx # -------------------------------Affine全连接层------------------------------------------------------ class Affine: def __init__(self, W, b): self.W = W self.b = b self.x = None self.original_x_shape = None # 权重和偏置的导数 self.dW = None self.db = None def forward(self, x): # 对应张量 self.original_x_shape = x.shape """将输入数据展开的方法""" x = x.reshape(x.shape[0], -1) # reshape指定-1之后，自动计算-1维度上的元素个数，以便多维数组的元素个数前后一致 self.x = x out = np.dot(self.x, self.W) + self.b return out def backward(self, dout): dx = np.dot(dout, self.W.T) self.dW = np.dot(self.x.T, dout) self.db = np.sum(dout, axis=0) dx = dx.reshape(*self.original_x_shape) # 还原输入数据的形状（对应张量） return dx # ---------------------------------Softmax_with_Loss层-------------------------------------------------------- class SoftmaxWithLoss: def __init__(self): self.loss = None self.y = None # softmax输出 self.t = None # 监督数据 def forward(self, x, t): self.t = t self.y = softmax(x) self.loss = cross_entropy_error(self.y, self.t) return self.loss def backward(self, dout=1): batch_size = self.t.shape[0] if self.t.size == self.y.size: # 监督数据是one-hot-vector的情况 dx = (self.y - self.t) / batch_size else: dx = self.y.copy() dx[np.arange(batch_size), self.t] -= 1 dx = dx / batch_size return dx # ------------------------------Dropout层--------------------------------------------------------------------- class Dropout: """随机删除神经元 正向传播时，传递了信号的神经元，反向传播时按照原样传递信号 没有传递信号的神经元，反向传播时停止 机器学习中，常常采用！集成学习！： 多个模型单独进行学习，推理时再取多个模型的输出的平均值 droput作用：防止过拟合 droput原理：训练时去除一些神经元，在测试的时候用全部的神经元，这样可以使得模型泛化能力更强，因为它不会太依赖某些局部的特征 """ def __init__(self, dropout_ratio=0.5): self.dropout_ratio = dropout_ratio self.mask = None def forward(self, x, train_flg=True): if train_flg: self.mask = np.random.rand(*x.shape) > self.dropout_ratio return x * self.mask else: return x * (1.0 - self.dropout_ratio) def backward(self, dout): return dout * self.mask # ---------------------------------Batch Normalization层（正则化）------------------------------------------ class BatchNormalization: """ 思路：强制性调整激活值的分布，适当的初始值，带来更加适当的激活值分布，保证训练正常进行 作用：防止过拟合 增大学习率 不多余依赖初始值 位置：Affine、convolution层后面 原理：与数据白化原理类似，对数据的均值方差进行调整，加速训练收敛 """ def __init__(self, gamma, beta, momentum=0.9, running_mean=None, running_var=None): self.gamma = gamma self.beta = beta self.momentum = momentum self.input_shape = None # Conv层的情况下为4维，全连接层的情况下为2维 # 测试时使用的平均值和方差 self.running_mean = running_mean self.running_var = running_var # backward时使用的中间数据 self.batch_size = None self.xc = None self.std = None self.dgamma = None self.dbeta = None def forward(self, x, train_flg=True): self.input_shape = x.shape if x.ndim != 2: N, C, H, W = x.shape x = x.reshape(N, -1) out = self.__forward(x, train_flg) return out.reshape(*self.input_shape) def __forward(self, x, train_flg): if self.running_mean is None: N, D = x.shape self.running_mean = np.zeros(D) self.running_var = np.zeros(D) if train_flg: mu = x.mean(axis=0) xc = x - mu var = np.mean(xc ** 2, axis=0) std = np.sqrt(var + 10e-7) xn = xc / std self.batch_size = x.shape[0] self.xc = xc self.xn = xn self.std = std self.running_mean = self.momentum * self.running_mean + (1 - self.momentum) * mu self.running_var = self.momentum * self.running_var + (1 - self.momentum) * var else: xc = x - self.running_mean xn = xc / ((np.sqrt(self.running_var + 10e-7))) out = self.gamma * xn + self.beta return out def backward(self, dout): if dout.ndim != 2: N, C, H, W = dout.shape dout = dout.reshape(N, -1) dx = self.__backward(dout) dx = dx.reshape(*self.input_shape) return dx def __backward(self, dout): dbeta = dout.sum(axis=0) dgamma = np.sum(self.xn * dout, axis=0) dxn = self.gamma * dout dxc = dxn / self.std dstd = -np.sum((dxn * self.xc) / (self.std * self.std), axis=0) dvar = 0.5 * dstd / self.std dxc += (2.0 / self.batch_size) * self.xc * dvar dmu = np.sum(dxc, axis=0) dx = dxc - dmu / self.batch_size self.dgamma = dgamma self.dbeta = dbeta return dx # ------------------------------------卷积层convolution-------------------------------------------------- class Convolution: def __init__(self, W, b, stride=1, pad=0): self.W = W self.b = b self.stride = stride self.pad = pad # 中间数据(backward时使用) self.x = None self.col = None self.col_W = None # 权重和偏置参数的梯度 self.dW = None self.db = None def forward(self, x): FN, C, FH, FW = self.W.shape N, C, H, W = x.shape out_h = 1 + int((H + 2 * self.pad - FH) / self.stride) out_w = 1 + int((W + 2 * self.pad - FW) / self.stride) col = im2col(x, FH, FW, self.stride, self.pad) col_W = self.W.reshape(FN, -1).T out = np.dot(col, col_W) + self.b out = out.reshape(N, out_h, out_w, -1).transpose(0, 3, 1, 2) self.x = x self.col = col self.col_W = col_W return out def backward(self, dout): FN, C, FH, FW = self.W.shape dout = dout.transpose(0,2,3,1).reshape(-1, FN) self.db = np.sum(dout, axis=0) self.dW = np.dot(self.col.T, dout) self.dW = self.dW.transpose(1, 0).reshape(FN, C, FH, FW) dcol = np.dot(dout, self.col_W.T) dx = col2im(dcol, self.x.shape, FH, FW, self.stride, self.pad) return dx # --------------------------------池化层pooling------------------------------------------------------ class Pooling: def __init__(self, pool_h, pool_w, stride=1, pad=0): self.pool_h = pool_h self.pool_w = pool_w self.stride = stride self.pad = pad self.x = None self.arg_max = None def forward(self, x): N, C, H, W = x.shape out_h = int(1 + (H - self.pool_h) / self.stride) out_w = int(1 + (W - self.pool_w) / self.stride) col = im2col(x, self.pool_h, self.pool_w, self.stride, self.pad) col = col.reshape(-1, self.pool_h * self.pool_w) arg_max = np.argmax(col, axis=1) out = np.max(col, axis=1) out = out.reshape(N, out_h, out_w, C).transpose(0, 3, 1, 2) self.x = x self.arg_max = arg_max return out def backward(self, dout): dout = dout.transpose(0, 2, 3, 1) pool_size = self.pool_h * self.pool_w dmax = np.zeros((dout.size, pool_size)) dmax[np.arange(self.arg_max.size), self.arg_max.flatten()] = dout.flatten() dmax = dmax.reshape(dout.shape + (pool_size,)) dcol = dmax.reshape(dmax.shape[0] * dmax.shape[1] * dmax.shape[2], -1) dx = col2im(dcol, self.x.shape, self.pool_h, self.pool_w, self.stride, self.pad) return dx